Jan 3, 2011
10 lessons from stock market
Whether it was scams or the threat of recession, the market survived everything with aplomb.
It wasn’t easy going. Scams marked the beginning and the end of the decade – Ketan Parikh in 2001 and the 2G scam in 2010. The worst recession since the 1930s cast a large shadow. The stock markets, however, have survived it.
The Bombay Stock Exchange Sensitive Index, or Sensex, closed at 3972.12 points on December 29, 2000. Almost 10 years later, it closed at 20,256.03 points on December 29 – a whopping rise of 410 per cent. In other words, Rs 1 lakh invested at the start of the decade would be worth Rs 5 lakh now.
But there were lessons to be learnt as well. Here are the top 10:
Don’t put all your eggs in the same basket
Whether it was the dotcom or the real estate boom a couple of years before, the biggest lesson to learn is that one should have a well-diversified stocks portfolio. During the world wide web frenzy, even non-information technology related companies would just prefix ‘e-‘ to their name or suffix ‘.com’, and the value of the stock would shoot up.
Thanks to the global recession, the real estate boom could not get too strong. Between 2007 and 2009, real estate companies became the favourite. An example was the size of the initial public offerings (IPOs). DLF came with the second biggest IPO of all time and raised Rs 9,187.50 crore. Others such as HDIL and Parsvnath Developers raised Rs 1,485 and Rs 997.14 crore, respectively. Many stocks and investors in them are still to see those valuations.
While investors can buy stocks or mutual funds that are in vogue, it is important that they do not overexpose themselves.
When heroes fall, don’t rush to buy them
When operator-driven stocks fall, it is better to stay away from them. For instance, a number of stocks driven by Ketan Parikh fell sharply when the scam was revealed. Today, many of them don’t exist or are penny stocks. Companies like Himachal Futuristic, SSI Ltd, DSQ Software and Pentamedia Graphics are some such stocks.
Don’t sell in panic, especially when there are external shocks
Many investors sold their stocks when the 26/11 terror attacks took place in Mumbai. It was a repeat of what the market saw during the Mumbai deluge in July 2005 (remembered as 26/7). However, the market shrugged these events to march ahead. “After such events, brokers normally liquidate the position of their clients by force leading to a setback of a day or two for the market. But it always recovers,” says SP Tulsian, an investment expert.
Investing in IPOs is not necessary
This is primarily because one is unsure about the stock’s future. For instance, the Reliance Power IPO’s issue price was Rs 268.75 (price adjusted for bonus), on Wednesday it closed at Rs 152.75. On the other hand, Coal India IPO’s issue price was Rs 232.75 (after discount for retail investors). It closed at Rs 310.35 on December 29. Today, it closed at Rs 310.35. “A person can even skip an IPO and buy the stock later from the open market when the price stabilises,” said Parag Parikh, chairman, Parag Parikh Financial Advisory Services.
Invest for the long term
Even a passive investor (index investing) would have still made an average of 17.55 per cent annual returns every year. But will it continue? Shankar Sharma, Director, First Global, believes so. “The market may not give better returns than the current decade. However, an investor can expect similar growth over a 10-year period,” he says. But one has to stay invested for the long term.
Stay away from structured products
As the country created wealth, every financial institution kept adding divisions that talked about managing your money scientifically. This entails determining a customer’s goals, profiling their risk taking ability and deciding on asset allocation.
With time, the wealth managers also launched complicated products and 2009 onwards structured products became bigger and bigger. Along with this, came “mis-selling” of structured products and the Citibank fraud. Do not buy structured products unless you understand their functionality fully.
Global events play a bigger role
Repeatedly the question is raised on the global events’ effect on India. When Lehman Brothers collapsed in September 2008, everyone thought the country’s stock markets would continue to hum along. Four months later, they were proved wrong and the stock market corrected from 20,000-odd points to 8,000. Similarly, when China tinkered with its policy rates, the markets tumbled.
The question about global events affecting India will continue to emerge, as foreign institutional investors pour money in the country. Experts said the theory of decoupling is narrowing with the passage of time. Earlier, global events affected us little. As the FII money flows into India, the market will see a greater impact of global events.
Derivatives aren’t a great hedge
And, definitely not for the retail investor. Yes, they are way cheaper than the cash market. But they come with great investing risk. They became very popular during the peak of the last equity boom in 2008-09. But when the investors realised that derivatives could be a double-edged sword, it was too late.
Mutual funds are still safer
Over the decade, the regulator has lowered the cost of mutual funds. First, the amortisation of new fund offers was scrapped. More recently, the entry load has been banned. This makes them the best option over the long term.
One can take exposure to global markets
While the Reserve Bank of India allows an individual to invest $200,000 annually, it was mutual funds that helped investors take exposure to different economies and actual commodities. While 2007 saw fund houses launching seven funds, the offering has been growing since then. Currently, there are around 26 such funds.
“This decade India has performed better. Hence, there was not much interest in global funds. However, going forward, the investors would need to look at them as their valuations become attractive,” said Mahhendra Jajoo, executive director, Pramerica Asset Managers.
Whether it was scams or the threat of recession, the market survived everything with aplomb.
It wasn’t easy going. Scams marked the beginning and the end of the decade – Ketan Parikh in 2001 and the 2G scam in 2010. The worst recession since the 1930s cast a large shadow. The stock markets, however, have survived it.
The Bombay Stock Exchange Sensitive Index, or Sensex, closed at 3972.12 points on December 29, 2000. Almost 10 years later, it closed at 20,256.03 points on December 29 – a whopping rise of 410 per cent. In other words, Rs 1 lakh invested at the start of the decade would be worth Rs 5 lakh now.
But there were lessons to be learnt as well. Here are the top 10:
Don’t put all your eggs in the same basket
Whether it was the dotcom or the real estate boom a couple of years before, the biggest lesson to learn is that one should have a well-diversified stocks portfolio. During the world wide web frenzy, even non-information technology related companies would just prefix ‘e-‘ to their name or suffix ‘.com’, and the value of the stock would shoot up.
Thanks to the global recession, the real estate boom could not get too strong. Between 2007 and 2009, real estate companies became the favourite. An example was the size of the initial public offerings (IPOs). DLF came with the second biggest IPO of all time and raised Rs 9,187.50 crore. Others such as HDIL and Parsvnath Developers raised Rs 1,485 and Rs 997.14 crore, respectively. Many stocks and investors in them are still to see those valuations.
While investors can buy stocks or mutual funds that are in vogue, it is important that they do not overexpose themselves.
When heroes fall, don’t rush to buy them
When operator-driven stocks fall, it is better to stay away from them. For instance, a number of stocks driven by Ketan Parikh fell sharply when the scam was revealed. Today, many of them don’t exist or are penny stocks. Companies like Himachal Futuristic, SSI Ltd, DSQ Software and Pentamedia Graphics are some such stocks.
Don’t sell in panic, especially when there are external shocks
Many investors sold their stocks when the 26/11 terror attacks took place in Mumbai. It was a repeat of what the market saw during the Mumbai deluge in July 2005 (remembered as 26/7). However, the market shrugged these events to march ahead. “After such events, brokers normally liquidate the position of their clients by force leading to a setback of a day or two for the market. But it always recovers,” says SP Tulsian, an investment expert.
Investing in IPOs is not necessary
This is primarily because one is unsure about the stock’s future. For instance, the Reliance Power IPO’s issue price was Rs 268.75 (price adjusted for bonus), on Wednesday it closed at Rs 152.75. On the other hand, Coal India IPO’s issue price was Rs 232.75 (after discount for retail investors). It closed at Rs 310.35 on December 29. Today, it closed at Rs 310.35. “A person can even skip an IPO and buy the stock later from the open market when the price stabilises,” said Parag Parikh, chairman, Parag Parikh Financial Advisory Services.
Invest for the long term
Even a passive investor (index investing) would have still made an average of 17.55 per cent annual returns every year. But will it continue? Shankar Sharma, Director, First Global, believes so. “The market may not give better returns than the current decade. However, an investor can expect similar growth over a 10-year period,” he says. But one has to stay invested for the long term.
Stay away from structured products
As the country created wealth, every financial institution kept adding divisions that talked about managing your money scientifically. This entails determining a customer’s goals, profiling their risk taking ability and deciding on asset allocation.
With time, the wealth managers also launched complicated products and 2009 onwards structured products became bigger and bigger. Along with this, came “mis-selling” of structured products and the Citibank fraud. Do not buy structured products unless you understand their functionality fully.
Global events play a bigger role
Repeatedly the question is raised on the global events’ effect on India. When Lehman Brothers collapsed in September 2008, everyone thought the country’s stock markets would continue to hum along. Four months later, they were proved wrong and the stock market corrected from 20,000-odd points to 8,000. Similarly, when China tinkered with its policy rates, the markets tumbled.
The question about global events affecting India will continue to emerge, as foreign institutional investors pour money in the country. Experts said the theory of decoupling is narrowing with the passage of time. Earlier, global events affected us little. As the FII money flows into India, the market will see a greater impact of global events.
Derivatives aren’t a great hedge
And, definitely not for the retail investor. Yes, they are way cheaper than the cash market. But they come with great investing risk. They became very popular during the peak of the last equity boom in 2008-09. But when the investors realised that derivatives could be a double-edged sword, it was too late.
Mutual funds are still safer
Over the decade, the regulator has lowered the cost of mutual funds. First, the amortisation of new fund offers was scrapped. More recently, the entry load has been banned. This makes them the best option over the long term.
One can take exposure to global markets
While the Reserve Bank of India allows an individual to invest $200,000 annually, it was mutual funds that helped investors take exposure to different economies and actual commodities. While 2007 saw fund houses launching seven funds, the offering has been growing since then. Currently, there are around 26 such funds.
“This decade India has performed better. Hence, there was not much interest in global funds. However, going forward, the investors would need to look at them as their valuations become attractive,” said Mahhendra Jajoo, executive director, Pramerica Asset Managers.
Jan 2, 2011
IMPORTANT FORMULAS
Market Capitalisation = PRICE X NO.OF SHARES
PE (Price To Earning) = PRICE / EPS
EPS = NET PROFIT – PREF. DIVIDEND / NO.OF SHARES
(Earning Per Shares)
Book Value = NETWORTH / NO. OF SHARES
PRICE TO Book Value = PRICE / BV
NETWORTH = EQUITY PAID UP + RES. & SURPLUS- Revaluation Reserves
DIVIDEND YIELD = DIVIDEND % (annualized) X FV / DLY PRICE
DIVIDEND IN RS = DIVIDEND % X FV / 100
PBIDT = OPERATING PROFIT
PBDT = GROSS PROFIT
APAT = NET PROFIT
CPM = CASH PROFIT MARGIN
GROWTH QUERY = (CURRENT YR – PREVIOUS YR) / PREVIOUS YR *100
ENTERPRISE VALUE = MCAP+DEBT – CASH & BANK BALANCE
IN CASE OF BANKS = MCAP+DEPOSITS+BORROWINGS – CASH & MONEY
CAGR NP = (([FINANCE]. [NP] / [FINANCE_1].[NP] )^(1/5)-1)*100
CASH PROFIT = NETPROFIT + Depreciation
FREE FLOAT = TOTAL NO. OF SHARES – PROMOTERS HOLDING
VALUE OF PROMOTER
HOLDING = HOLDINGS].[NSPROMOTER] * [DLYPRICE].[CLOSE]
OUTSTANDING SHARE = EQUITY / FACE VALUE
Cost of production :
Raw material cost + Power & fuel + Employee Cost + Director Remuneration + other operating expense + Depreciation + Insurance + opening stock of WIP - closing stock of WIP
Value of Output:
Net Sales + change in stock
Selling Cost:
Advertisement + Distribution Expenses+ Commission expenses on sales
Total Assets/Liabilities (Excluding Revel & W.off) :
Share Capital + Reserves + Debt + Current Liab & provision – Misc. Exp
Average Days of Debtors :
Debtors / (Cost of Production / 365 days)
Average Days of Creditors :
(Creditors / (Cost of Production + Selling Cost)/(closing stock of Finished Goods-opening stock of Finished Goods)/365 days)
CP (Cash Profit) : Net Profit (PAT) + Depreciation
Valuation Ratio:
PE : Close Price / EPS
Price to BV : Close price / Book Value
Price / Cash Earning Per Share : closing price / (Net profit - preference dividend - dividend tax + Depreciation) / Equity paid up * FV
EV/EBITA : (Market Cap + Debt-Cash and Bank) / GP + Interest
In case of Banks EV= Market Cap + Deposits + Borrowings – Cash & Money
Market Cap /Sales = Market cap / Gross Sales
in case of Banks & Finance company Sales is including other income
Dupont Model:
Fixed asset: Net block + capital work in progress
NET working capital : Current asset-current liabilities
Net asset : Fixed asset+NW capital+ investment
For Banks: Sales : Sales + other Income
Ratio
PBIDT \ Sales % : (GP + interest) / Gross sales*100
Sales / Net Asset : Gross Sales / Net Asset
PBDIT/Net Assets : PBIDT (operating Profit) / Net Asset
PAT/PBIDT(%) : Net Profit / PBIDT *100
Net Assets/Net Worth : Net Asset / Net worth (Excluding Revaluation reserve)
ROE : (Adjusted net profit – preference dividend) / (equity paid up + reserves) * 100
DPS : Dividend amount * Face Value / Equity Paid up
FOR MANUFACTURING
POWER , HOTEL AND SHIPPING INDUSTRIES
DEBT TO EQUITY Total Debt / (Share Capital + Reserves)
LONG TERM DEBT TO EQUITY (Total Debt – Cash Credit – Commercial Paper –Bridge Loans – Short Term Loans to Group Companies- Short Term Loans To Others – Inter Corporate Deposits – Working Capital Loans) / (Share Capital +Reserves)
CURRENT RATIO (Total Inventory +Sundry Debtors + Cash and Bank Balance+ Loans and Advances / (Total Current Liabilities + Cash Credit + Commercial Paper + Bridge Loans + Short Term Loans to Group Companies + Short Term Loans to Others + Inter Corporate Deposits + Working Capital Loans)
FIXED ASSESTS TURNOVER RATIO
Sales / Gross Fixed Assets Excluding Capital Work in Progress - Revaluation Reserve)
INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIOS Sales / Total Inventory
DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIOS Sales / Sundry Debtors
INTEREST COVER EBIT/ Interest expenses
TOTAL ASSETS TURNOVER RATIOS Sales / (Net Fixed Assets + Investment + Working Capital)
PBIDTM (Adjusted Gross Profit + Interest / Sales) * 100
PBITM (Adjusted Gross Profit + Interest – Depreciation / Sales) * 100
PBDTM (Adjusted Gross Profit / Sales) * 100
CPM (Adjusted Net Profit + Depreciation)/ Sales * 100
APATM (Adjusted Net Profit / Sales) * 100
ROCE (Reported Net Profit + Tax + Interest)/(Share Capital + Reserve + Total Debt – Miscellaneous exp. Not Written Off) * 100
RONW (Reported Net Profit – Preference Dividend) / (Equity Paid Up + Reserves) * 100
FINANCE SECTOR COMPANIES
DEBT TO EQUITY (Total Debt / (Share Capital + Reserves)
LONG TERM DEBT TO
EQUITY (Total Debts – Cash Credit – Commercial Paper – Bridge Loans – Short Term Loans To Group Companies – Short Term Loans To Others – Inter Corporate Deposits – Working Capital Loans) / (Share Capital Reserves + Reserves)
CURRENT RATIO (Total Inventory + Sundry Debtors + Cash and Bank balance + Loans and Advances) / (Total Current Liabilities + Cash Credit + Commercial Paper + Bridge Loans + Short Term Loan to Group Companies + Short Term to Others + Inter Corporate Deposits + Working Capital Loans)
FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIOS Total Income /Gross Block – Revaluation Reserve
INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIOS Total Income / Inventory
DEBTOR S TURNOVER RATIO Total Income / Sundry Debtors
TOTAL ASSETS TURNOVER RATIOS Sales / Net Fixed Assets + Investment + Working Capital
PBIDTM (Adjusted Gross Profit + Interest / Total income ) * 100
PBITM (Adjusted Gross Profit + Interest – Depreciation / Total Income) * 100
CPM (Adjusted Net Profit + Depreciation ) / Total Income ) * 100
APATM Adjusted Net Profit / Total Income ) * 100
ROCE (Adjusted Net Profit + Tax + Interest) / (Share Capital + Reserves + Total Debts – Miscellaneous not written off) * 100
RONW (Adjusted net profit – preference dividend ) / (equity Paid Up + Reserves ) * 100
ADDITIONAL RATIOS FOR FINANCIAL INSITITUTIONS
LOAN TURNOVER Total Income /(Loans to Subsidiaries + Loans to Other)
ADVANCES TO LOAN FUNDS (Loans to Subsidiaries + Loans to Others) /Debt
TOTAL INCOME TO CAPITAL EMPLOYED Total Income / (Share cap + Reserves + Debt)
INTEREST EXPENDED TO CAPITAL EMPLOYED Interest / (Share cap+ Reserves + Debt)
CAPITAL EMPLOYED TOAL LIABILITIES – TOTAL REVALUATION RESERVE
BANKS
CREDIT / DEPOSIT (Advances / Deposits) * 100
INVESTMENT / DEPOSIT (Investments / Deposits ) * 100
Cash / Deposit (Cash /Deposits) * 100
INTEREST EXPENDED/INTEREST EARNED (Interest / Interest Earned) * 100
OTHER INCOME / TOTAL INCOME (Other Income / Total Income) * 100
OPERATING EXPENSES / TOTAL INCOME (Employed Expenses + Selling and Administrative exp + Depreciation + Loss on Sale of Asset + Loss on Sale of Investments + Loss In foreign exchange ) / total income
INTEREST INCOME / TOTAL FUNDS Interest earned / (share capital +deposits + borrowings + creditors + other liablilities and provisions)
NET INTEREST INCOME / TOTALFUNDS (interest earned – interest paid) / share capital + deposit+ borrowings + creditors + other liablilites and provisions
NON INTEREST INCOME / TOTAL FUNDS Other income / (Share capital + deposits + borrowings + creditors + other liabilities & provisons)
OPERATING EXPENSES / TOTAL FUNDS (Employed expenses + selling and administrative exp + depreciation + loss on sale of asset + loss on sale of investments +loss in foreign exchange) / (share capital + deposits + borrowing + creditors + other liabilities & provisions)
PROFIT BEFORE PROVISIONS / TOTAL FUNDS (Adjusted Net Profit + Provisions & write offs) / (share capital + deposits + borrowing + creditors +other liabilities & provisions)
NET PROFIT / TOTAL FUNDS Net Profit / (Share Capital + Deposits + Borrowings + Creditors +Other Liabilities & Provisions)
RETURN ON NET WORTH (RONW) (Adjusted Net Profit – Preference Dividend) / (Equity Paid up + Reserves) * 100
NOTE : ALL BALANCE SHEET ITEMS ARE AVERAGE OF TWO YEARS AND PROFIT AND LOSS FIGURES ARE ANNUALISED.
NOTE : In Margin Ratio Taking Gross Sales.
Market Capitalisation = PRICE X NO.OF SHARES
PE (Price To Earning) = PRICE / EPS
EPS = NET PROFIT – PREF. DIVIDEND / NO.OF SHARES
(Earning Per Shares)
Book Value = NETWORTH / NO. OF SHARES
PRICE TO Book Value = PRICE / BV
NETWORTH = EQUITY PAID UP + RES. & SURPLUS- Revaluation Reserves
DIVIDEND YIELD = DIVIDEND % (annualized) X FV / DLY PRICE
DIVIDEND IN RS = DIVIDEND % X FV / 100
PBIDT = OPERATING PROFIT
PBDT = GROSS PROFIT
APAT = NET PROFIT
CPM = CASH PROFIT MARGIN
GROWTH QUERY = (CURRENT YR – PREVIOUS YR) / PREVIOUS YR *100
ENTERPRISE VALUE = MCAP+DEBT – CASH & BANK BALANCE
IN CASE OF BANKS = MCAP+DEPOSITS+BORROWINGS – CASH & MONEY
CAGR NP = (([FINANCE]. [NP] / [FINANCE_1].[NP] )^(1/5)-1)*100
CASH PROFIT = NETPROFIT + Depreciation
FREE FLOAT = TOTAL NO. OF SHARES – PROMOTERS HOLDING
VALUE OF PROMOTER
HOLDING = HOLDINGS].[NSPROMOTER] * [DLYPRICE].[CLOSE]
OUTSTANDING SHARE = EQUITY / FACE VALUE
Cost of production :
Raw material cost + Power & fuel + Employee Cost + Director Remuneration + other operating expense + Depreciation + Insurance + opening stock of WIP - closing stock of WIP
Value of Output:
Net Sales + change in stock
Selling Cost:
Advertisement + Distribution Expenses+ Commission expenses on sales
Total Assets/Liabilities (Excluding Revel & W.off) :
Share Capital + Reserves + Debt + Current Liab & provision – Misc. Exp
Average Days of Debtors :
Debtors / (Cost of Production / 365 days)
Average Days of Creditors :
(Creditors / (Cost of Production + Selling Cost)/(closing stock of Finished Goods-opening stock of Finished Goods)/365 days)
CP (Cash Profit) : Net Profit (PAT) + Depreciation
Valuation Ratio:
PE : Close Price / EPS
Price to BV : Close price / Book Value
Price / Cash Earning Per Share : closing price / (Net profit - preference dividend - dividend tax + Depreciation) / Equity paid up * FV
EV/EBITA : (Market Cap + Debt-Cash and Bank) / GP + Interest
In case of Banks EV= Market Cap + Deposits + Borrowings – Cash & Money
Market Cap /Sales = Market cap / Gross Sales
in case of Banks & Finance company Sales is including other income
Dupont Model:
Fixed asset: Net block + capital work in progress
NET working capital : Current asset-current liabilities
Net asset : Fixed asset+NW capital+ investment
For Banks: Sales : Sales + other Income
Ratio
PBIDT \ Sales % : (GP + interest) / Gross sales*100
Sales / Net Asset : Gross Sales / Net Asset
PBDIT/Net Assets : PBIDT (operating Profit) / Net Asset
PAT/PBIDT(%) : Net Profit / PBIDT *100
Net Assets/Net Worth : Net Asset / Net worth (Excluding Revaluation reserve)
ROE : (Adjusted net profit – preference dividend) / (equity paid up + reserves) * 100
DPS : Dividend amount * Face Value / Equity Paid up
FOR MANUFACTURING
POWER , HOTEL AND SHIPPING INDUSTRIES
DEBT TO EQUITY Total Debt / (Share Capital + Reserves)
LONG TERM DEBT TO EQUITY (Total Debt – Cash Credit – Commercial Paper –Bridge Loans – Short Term Loans to Group Companies- Short Term Loans To Others – Inter Corporate Deposits – Working Capital Loans) / (Share Capital +Reserves)
CURRENT RATIO (Total Inventory +Sundry Debtors + Cash and Bank Balance+ Loans and Advances / (Total Current Liabilities + Cash Credit + Commercial Paper + Bridge Loans + Short Term Loans to Group Companies + Short Term Loans to Others + Inter Corporate Deposits + Working Capital Loans)
FIXED ASSESTS TURNOVER RATIO
Sales / Gross Fixed Assets Excluding Capital Work in Progress - Revaluation Reserve)
INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIOS Sales / Total Inventory
DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIOS Sales / Sundry Debtors
INTEREST COVER EBIT/ Interest expenses
TOTAL ASSETS TURNOVER RATIOS Sales / (Net Fixed Assets + Investment + Working Capital)
PBIDTM (Adjusted Gross Profit + Interest / Sales) * 100
PBITM (Adjusted Gross Profit + Interest – Depreciation / Sales) * 100
PBDTM (Adjusted Gross Profit / Sales) * 100
CPM (Adjusted Net Profit + Depreciation)/ Sales * 100
APATM (Adjusted Net Profit / Sales) * 100
ROCE (Reported Net Profit + Tax + Interest)/(Share Capital + Reserve + Total Debt – Miscellaneous exp. Not Written Off) * 100
RONW (Reported Net Profit – Preference Dividend) / (Equity Paid Up + Reserves) * 100
FINANCE SECTOR COMPANIES
DEBT TO EQUITY (Total Debt / (Share Capital + Reserves)
LONG TERM DEBT TO
EQUITY (Total Debts – Cash Credit – Commercial Paper – Bridge Loans – Short Term Loans To Group Companies – Short Term Loans To Others – Inter Corporate Deposits – Working Capital Loans) / (Share Capital Reserves + Reserves)
CURRENT RATIO (Total Inventory + Sundry Debtors + Cash and Bank balance + Loans and Advances) / (Total Current Liabilities + Cash Credit + Commercial Paper + Bridge Loans + Short Term Loan to Group Companies + Short Term to Others + Inter Corporate Deposits + Working Capital Loans)
FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIOS Total Income /Gross Block – Revaluation Reserve
INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIOS Total Income / Inventory
DEBTOR S TURNOVER RATIO Total Income / Sundry Debtors
TOTAL ASSETS TURNOVER RATIOS Sales / Net Fixed Assets + Investment + Working Capital
PBIDTM (Adjusted Gross Profit + Interest / Total income ) * 100
PBITM (Adjusted Gross Profit + Interest – Depreciation / Total Income) * 100
CPM (Adjusted Net Profit + Depreciation ) / Total Income ) * 100
APATM Adjusted Net Profit / Total Income ) * 100
ROCE (Adjusted Net Profit + Tax + Interest) / (Share Capital + Reserves + Total Debts – Miscellaneous not written off) * 100
RONW (Adjusted net profit – preference dividend ) / (equity Paid Up + Reserves ) * 100
ADDITIONAL RATIOS FOR FINANCIAL INSITITUTIONS
LOAN TURNOVER Total Income /(Loans to Subsidiaries + Loans to Other)
ADVANCES TO LOAN FUNDS (Loans to Subsidiaries + Loans to Others) /Debt
TOTAL INCOME TO CAPITAL EMPLOYED Total Income / (Share cap + Reserves + Debt)
INTEREST EXPENDED TO CAPITAL EMPLOYED Interest / (Share cap+ Reserves + Debt)
CAPITAL EMPLOYED TOAL LIABILITIES – TOTAL REVALUATION RESERVE
BANKS
CREDIT / DEPOSIT (Advances / Deposits) * 100
INVESTMENT / DEPOSIT (Investments / Deposits ) * 100
Cash / Deposit (Cash /Deposits) * 100
INTEREST EXPENDED/INTEREST EARNED (Interest / Interest Earned) * 100
OTHER INCOME / TOTAL INCOME (Other Income / Total Income) * 100
OPERATING EXPENSES / TOTAL INCOME (Employed Expenses + Selling and Administrative exp + Depreciation + Loss on Sale of Asset + Loss on Sale of Investments + Loss In foreign exchange ) / total income
INTEREST INCOME / TOTAL FUNDS Interest earned / (share capital +deposits + borrowings + creditors + other liablilities and provisions)
NET INTEREST INCOME / TOTALFUNDS (interest earned – interest paid) / share capital + deposit+ borrowings + creditors + other liablilites and provisions
NON INTEREST INCOME / TOTAL FUNDS Other income / (Share capital + deposits + borrowings + creditors + other liabilities & provisons)
OPERATING EXPENSES / TOTAL FUNDS (Employed expenses + selling and administrative exp + depreciation + loss on sale of asset + loss on sale of investments +loss in foreign exchange) / (share capital + deposits + borrowing + creditors + other liabilities & provisions)
PROFIT BEFORE PROVISIONS / TOTAL FUNDS (Adjusted Net Profit + Provisions & write offs) / (share capital + deposits + borrowing + creditors +other liabilities & provisions)
NET PROFIT / TOTAL FUNDS Net Profit / (Share Capital + Deposits + Borrowings + Creditors +Other Liabilities & Provisions)
RETURN ON NET WORTH (RONW) (Adjusted Net Profit – Preference Dividend) / (Equity Paid up + Reserves) * 100
NOTE : ALL BALANCE SHEET ITEMS ARE AVERAGE OF TWO YEARS AND PROFIT AND LOSS FIGURES ARE ANNUALISED.
NOTE : In Margin Ratio Taking Gross Sales.
Amit Gupta MS Finance: Market Updates 31-Dec-2010
Amit Gupta MS Finance: Market Updates 31-Dec-2010: "Capital Market Updates: Economy: Cabinet okays Rs 1200 cr infusion into Air India The Cabinet has approved an equity infusion of Rs 1200 cr..."
Dec 31, 2010
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